What Changes How Horses Are Used In The United States During The Twentieth Century

Horses running at a ranch in Texas

Horses have been an important component of American life and culture since the founding of the nation. In 2008, at that place were an estimated 9.2 meg horses in the U.s.a.,^[1] with 4.6 1000000 citizens involved in businesses related to horses.^{[2] [3]} There are an estimated 82,000^[four] feral horses that roam freely in the wild in certain parts of the land, mostly in the Western United States.

While genus Equus, of which the horse is a member, originally evolved in North America, these horse relatives became extinct on the continent approximately 8,000–12,000 years ago. In 1493, on Christopher Columbus' second voyage to the Americas, Castilian horses, representing E. caballus, were brought back to North America, first to the Virgin Islands; they were introduced to the continental mainland by Hernán Cortés in 1519. From early on Spanish imports to Mexico and Florida, horses moved north, supplemented past afterward imports to the east and due west coasts brought by British, French, and other European colonists. Native peoples of the Americas quickly obtained horses and developed their own horse culture.^[v]

Horses remained an integral part of American rural and urban life until the 20th century, when the widespread emergence of mechanization acquired their utilize for industrial, economic, and transportation purposes to decline. Modern employ of the horse in the United States is primarily for recreation and entertainment, though some horses are all the same used for specialized tasks.

History [edit]

Evolution [edit]

Fossils of the earliest direct antecedent to the modern horse, Eohippus, have been found in the Eocene layers of N American strata, mainly in the Current of air River basin in Wyoming.^[6] Fossils found at the Hagerman Fossil Beds in Idaho, chosen the Hagerman horse or Equus simplicidens are from the Pliocene, dating to about 3.v meg years ago (mya). Paleontologists determined the fossils represented the oldest remains of the genus Equus.^[7] The genus Equus, which includes all extant equines, was plentiful in North America and spread into the Old World past about 2.5 mya.^[8]

A 2005 genetic report of fossils found evidence for three genetically divergent equid lineages in Pleistocene North and South America.^{[9] [10]} Recent studies suggest all North American fossils of caballine-type horses, including both the domesticated equus caballus and Przewalski's equus caballus,^[10] belong to the same species: Eastward. ferus. Remains attributed to a variety of species and lumped equally New World stilt-legged horses belong to a second species that was endemic to North America,^[9] now called Haringtonhippus francisci.^[11] Digs in western Canada have unearthed clear evidence horses existed in Due north America as recently as 12,000 years ago.^[12] Other studies produced evidence that horses in the Americas existed until 8,000–10,000 years ago.^[8]

Extinction and return [edit]

Equidae in North America ultimately became extinct, along with nigh of the other New World megafauna during the Quaternary extinction issue during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition. The causes of this extinction accept been debated. Given the suddenness of the event and considering these mammals had been flourishing for millions of years previously, something unusual must have happened. The outset master hypothesis attributes extinction to climatic change. For case, in Alaska, beginning approximately 12,500 years ago, the grasses characteristic of a steppe ecosystem gave fashion to shrub tundra, which was covered with unpalatable plants.^{[thirteen] [14]} However, information technology has also been proposed that the steppe-tundra vegetation transition in Beringia may take been a upshot, rather than a cause, of the extinction of megafaunal grazers.^[xv]

The other hypothesis suggests extinction was linked to overexploitation of native prey by newly arrived humans. The extinctions were roughly simultaneous with the end of the about recent glacial advance and the appearance of the large game-hunting Clovis civilisation.^{[16] [17]} Several studies have indicated humans probably arrived in Alaska at the aforementioned time or shortly before the local extinction of horses.^{[17] [eighteen] [19]}

A genetic study published in 2021 indicates that horses, that were straight related to the modern horses, were even so nowadays in Yukon at least until 5,700 years ago or mid-Holocene,^[20] and this makes some researchers to think horses are biologically native to North America and the modern animals should too exist treated as native.^[21]

Horses returned to the Americas thousands of years afterward, well subsequently domestication of the horse, beginning with Christopher Columbus in 1493. These were Iberian horses outset brought to Hispaniola and subsequently to Panama, United mexican states, Brazil, Peru, Argentina, and, in 1538, Florida.^[22] The first horses to return to the main continent were 16 specifically identified horses brought by Hernán Cortés in 1519. Subsequent explorers, such equally Coronado and De Soto brought ever-larger numbers, some from Kingdom of spain and others from breeding establishments fix past the Spanish in the Caribbean.^[23]

These domesticated horses were the bequeathed stock of the group of breeds or strains known today as the Colonial Spanish Horse. They predominated through the southeast and western Us (then New Kingdom of spain) from 16th century until about 1850, when crossbreeding with larger horse breeds changed the phenotype and diluted the Spanish genetic features.^[24] Subsequently, some horses became strayed, lost or stolen, and proliferated into large herds of feral horses that became known as mustangs.^[23] Modern domesticated horses that retain Colonial Spanish type include the Spanish Mustang, Choctaw equus caballus, Florida Cracker equus caballus, and the Marsh Tacky.^{[25] [26]}

Historic period [edit]

"Apsaroka Horse", depicting a horse of the Crow tribe, c. 1909

European settlers brought a variety of horses to the Americas. The first imports were smaller animals suited to the size restrictions imposed by ships. Starting in the mid-19th century, larger draft horses began to be imported, and by the 1880s, thousands had arrived.^[27] Formal horse racing in the United States dates back to 1665, when a racecourse was opened on the Hempstead Plains near Salisbury in what is at present Nassau Canton, New York.^[28]

There are multiple theories for how Native American people obtained horses from the Spanish, only early on capture of devious horses during the 16th century was unlikely due to the need to simultaneously acquire the skills to ride and manage them. Information technology is unlikely that Native people obtained horses in pregnant numbers to become a horse civilisation any earlier than 1630. From a trade heart in the Santa Fe, New Mexico area, the horse spread slowly due north.^[29] The Comanche people were thought to be amid the first tribes to obtain horses and use them successfully.^[30] By 1742, at that place were reports by white explorers that the Crow and Blackfoot people had horses, and probably had had them for a considerable time.^[29] The horse became an integral office of the lives and culture of Native Americans, especially the Plains Indians, who viewed them as a source of wealth and used them for hunting, travel, and warfare.^[31]

In the 19th century, horses were used for many jobs. In the west, they were ridden by cowboys for handling cattle on the large ranches of the region and on cattle drives.^[32] In cities, these including transporting people via wagon and equus caballus-drawn public transport. They were used for hauling freight and for farming. In some cases, their labor was deemed more efficient than using steam-powered equipment to power certain types of mechanized equipment. At the same fourth dimension, the maltreatment of horses in cities such equally New York, where over 130,000 horses were used, led to the creation of the starting time ASPCA in 1866.^[33] In the 19th century, the Standardbred breed of harness racing horse developed in the United States,^[34] and many thoroughbred equus caballus races were established.

Horse-drawn sightseeing bus, 1942

At the start of the 20th century, the Us Department of Agronomics began to found convenance farms for research, to preserve American horse breeds, and to develop horses for military and agricultural purposes.^[27] Yet, after the stop of World War I, the increased utilize of mechanized transportation resulted in a decline in the horse populations, with a 1926 written report noting equus caballus prices were the everyman they had been in lx years.^[35] Horse numbers rebounded in the 1960s, as horses came to be used for recreational purposes.^[36]

Statistics [edit]

In 1912, the United States and Russia held the about horses in the world, with the U.S. having the second-highest number.^[37] There were an estimated 20 million horses in March 1915 in the United States.^[38] But as increased mechanization reduced the demand for horses as working animals, populations declined. A USDA census in 1959 showed the horse population had dropped to 4.5 million. Numbers began to rebound somewhat, and by 1968 there were about 7 million horses, mostly used for riding.^[36] In 2005, there were about ix million horses.^[39]

In 2013, the Bureau of State Direction (BLM) estimated there were about 82,000 feral horses in the United States nether the supervision of the BLM on federal lands in the west.^[40] Boosted feral equus caballus populations be elsewhere in the Us, especially on several islands off the Atlantic coast, where the National Park Service oversees populations of the Banker equus caballus in Due north Carolina,^[41] the Cumberland Island horse in Georgia,^[42] and the horses on the Maryland side of Assateague Isle, dwelling to the Chincoteague pony.^[43] In Canada, a similar Atlantic population is the Sable Island horse of Nova Scotia.^[44]

References [edit]

1. ^ Vialkely, Thou.K. (June 2008). "Do You Hear the Call?" (PDF). U.s. Equestrian Federation. p. 51. Retrieved May 18, 2015.
2. ^ "USEF Interscholastic Riding Programs Guide" (PDF). United States Equestrian Federation. p. 1. Retrieved May eighteen, 2015.
3. ^ "The Manufacture & Media Influence". theequestrianchannel.com. Archived from the original on February xv, 2015. Retrieved May xix, 2015.
4. ^ "Herd Surface area and Herd Management Area Statistics" (PDF). The states Geological Survey. Retrieved June xx, 2018.
5. ^ https://bookish.oup.com/jah/article-abstruse/xc/iii/833/688119
6. ^ MacFadden, B. J. (1976). "Cladistic analysis of primitive equids with notes on other perissodactyls". Syst. Zool. 25 (1): i–14. doi:x.2307/2412774. JSTOR 2412774.
7. ^ McDonald, G. (March 1993). "Hagerman "Horse" – Equus simplicidens". The Fossil Record. Archived from the original on January 3, 2007.
8. ^ ^{a b} Azzaroli, A. (1992). "Ascent and decline of monodactyl equids: a example for prehistoric overkill" (PDF). Ann. Zool. Finnici. 28: 151–163.
9. ^ ^{a b} Weinstock, J.; et al. (2005). "Evolution, systematics, and phylogeography of Pleistocene horses in the New World: a molecular perspective". PLOS Biological science. 3 (8): e241. doi:x.1371/journal.pbio.0030241. PMC1159165. PMID 15974804.
10. ^ ^{a b} Orlando, 50.; et al. (2008). "Ancient DNA Clarifies the Evolutionary History of American Tardily Pleistocene Equids". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 66 (5): 533–538. Bibcode:2008JMolE..66..533O. doi:10.1007/s00239-008-9100-x. PMID 18398561. S2CID 19069554.
11. ^ Heintzman, Peter D; Zazula, Grant D; MacPhee, Ross DE; Scott, Eric; Cahill, James A; McHorse, Brianna One thousand; Kapp, Joshua D; Stiller, Mathias; Wooller, Matthew J; Orlando, Ludovic; Southon, John (November 28, 2017). "A new genus of horse from Pleistocene North America". eLife. vi: e29944. doi:x.7554/eLife.29944. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC5705217. PMID 29182148.
12. ^ Vocalist, Ben (May 2005). A cursory history of the equus caballus in America. Canadian Geographic Magazine. Archived from the original on August nineteen, 2014. Retrieved October 16, 2009.
13. ^ LeQuire, Elise (January four, 2004). "No Grass, No Equus caballus". The Horse, online edition. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
14. ^ Guthrie, R. D. (Nov 13, 2003). "Rapid body size turn down in Alaskan Pleistocene horses before extinction". Nature. 426 (6963): 169–171. Bibcode:2003Natur.426..169D. doi:10.1038/nature02098. PMID 14614503. S2CID 186242574.
15. ^ Zimov, South. A.; Chuprynin, V. I.; Oreshko, A. P.; Chapin, F. S.; Reynolds, J. F.; Chapin, M. C. (November 1995). "Steppe-tundra transition: a herbivore-driven biome shift at the stop of the Pleistocene". The American Naturalist. 146 (5): 765–794. doi:10.1086/285824. JSTOR 2462990. S2CID 60439469.
16. ^ "Ice Age Horses May Have Been Killed Off past Humans". National Geographic News. May i, 2006.
17. ^ ^{a b} Buck, Caitlin E.; Bard, Edouard (2007). "A agenda chronology for Pleistocene mammoth and horse extinction in Due north America based on Bayesian radiocarbon calibration". Quaternary Science Reviews. 26 (17–18): 2031. Bibcode:2007QSRv...26.2031B. doi:ten.1016/j.quascirev.2007.06.013.
18. ^ Solow, Andrew; Roberts, David; Robbirt, Karen (May 9, 2006). Haynes, C. Vance (ed.). "On the Pleistocene extinctions of Alaskan mammoths and horses". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United states of America (nineteen ed.). 103 (19): 7351–3. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103.7351S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0509480103. PMC1464344. PMID 16651534.
19. ^ Guthrie, R. D. (May 11, 2006). "New carbon dates link climatic change with human being colonization and Pleistocene extinctions". Nature. 441 (7090): 207–209. Bibcode:2006Natur.441..207D. doi:10.1038/nature04604. PMID 16688174. S2CID 4327783.
20. ^ Murchie, Tyler J.; Monteath, Alistair J.; Mahony, Matthew E.; Long, George Southward.; Cocker, Scott; Sadoway, Tara; Karpinski, Emil; Zazula, Grant; MacPhee, Ross D. E.; Froese, Duane; Poinar, Hendrik N. (2021). "Plummet of the mammoth-steppe in central Yukon as revealed by aboriginal environmental Deoxyribonucleic acid". Nature Communications. 12 (7120 (2021)): 2031. Bibcode:2007QSRv...26.2031B. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-27439-6. PMC8654998. PMID 34880234.
21. ^ "Ancient Dna found in soil samples reveals mammoths, Yukon wild horses survived thousands of years longer than believed". Phys.org. Dec eight, 2021.
22. ^ Luís, Cristina; et al. (2006). "Iberian Origins of New World Horse Breeds". Journal of Heredity. 97 (2): 107–113. doi:10.1093/jhered/esj020. PMID 16489143.
23. ^ ^{a b} Rittman, Paul. "Spanish Colonial Horse and the Plains Indian Civilization" (PDF) . Retrieved January 18, 2015.
24. ^ "Colonial Spanish Equus caballus". Livestock Conservancy . Retrieved May 19, 2015.
25. ^ "Conservation Priority List – Horses". Livestock Conservancy . Retrieved May 19, 2015.
26. ^ "Myths and Facts about Wild Horses and Burros". awionline.org.
27. ^ ^{a b} Adams, Kristina (Dec 19, 2014). "Horses in History – Introduction – A Horse is a Horse". USDA National Agricultural Library. Archived from the original on April thirty, 2015. Retrieved May 19, 2015.
28. ^ "Equus caballus Racing History". Horseracing-hq.com. Retrieved April eight, 2014.
29. ^ ^{a b} Haines, Francis (January 1938). "Where Did the Plains Indians Get Their Horses?". American Anthropologist. 40 (one): 112–117. doi:10.1525/aa.1938.40.1.02a00110 . Retrieved May 19, 2015.
30. ^ Quammen, David (March 2014). "People of the Horse". National Geographic . Retrieved May 19, 2015.
31. ^ "Ability of the Plains". American Museum of Natural History . Retrieved May 19, 2015.
32. ^ "Out on the Range". American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved May 19, 2015.
33. ^ "In the City". American Museum of Natural History . Retrieved May xix, 2015.
34. ^ "New to racing: A history of the Standardbred". Standardbred Canada. 2014. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
35. ^ "Horse Production Falling". Yearbook of Agriculture 1926. USDA. pp. 437–439.
36. ^ ^{a b} "Recreation: Return of the Horse". Time. May 17, 1968. Retrieved May 19, 2015.
37. ^ Industry, United States. Bureau of Creature (1912). Study of the Chief of the Agency of Animal Manufacture, Us Department of Agriculture. U.S. Government Press Office. p. 106.
38. ^ Derry, Margaret (2006). Horses in Gild: A Story of Animal Breeding and Marketing, 1800–1920. University of Toronto Press. p. 131. ISBN9780802091123.
39. ^ "More horses sent abroad for slaughter after Us ban". USATODAY.com. 2008.
40. ^ "The West is on the brink of a wild horse apocalypse. (No, really.) – The Washington Postal service". The Washington Post. August 26, 2013.
41. ^ "Ocracoke Ponies: The Wild Bankers of Ocracoke Island". National Park Service: Cape Hatteras National Seashore. U.Due south. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. November 7, 2003. Archived from the original on December eleven, 2008. Retrieved Nov 11, 2008.
42. ^ "Feral Animals on Cumberland Island". Wild Cumberland . Retrieved March 31, 2012.
43. ^ "Assateague's Wild Horses". nps.gov . Retrieved June ten, 2010.
44. ^ Dutson, Judith (2005). Storey's Illustrated Guide to 96 Horse Breeds of North America. Storey Publishing. pp. 217–219. ISBN978-1580176132.

External links [edit]

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_the_United_States

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